Benzene (C6H6) burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and liquid water. What is the heat released when 49.04 grams of benzene is combusted?

Benzene (C6H6) burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and liquid water. What is the heat released when 49.04 grams of benzene is combusted? The standard enthalpy of formation of benzene is 49.04 kJ/mol

-3268 kJ 1000 J 1 ev 1 amu 1.66054 x 10-27 1000 g
mol 1 kJ 1.60218 x 10-19 J 931.5 x 106 J 1 amu 1 kJ

= -1.14 x 10-28 grams

C A Vocab

Oviparous- animals are animals that lay eggs, with little or no other embryonic development within the mother

Viviparous- producing living young instead of eggs from within the body in the manner of nearly all mammals, many reptiles, and a few fishes

Ovoviviparous- producing eggs that develop within the maternal body and hatch within or immediately after extrusion from the parent

Ontogeny – changes in organism from zygote to death, although often focused on events from zygote to maturity.

Cleavage – a rapid series of cell divisions that follows fertilization and produces a multi-cellular blastula.

Blastocoel- the cavity of a blastula

Neurulation- an early vertebrate embryo which follows the gastrula and in which nervous tissue begins to differentiate and the basic pattern of the vertebrate begins to emerge

Trophoblast- the outer cellular layer of the mammalian blastocyst

Inner cell mass- the portion of the blastocyst of a mammalian embryo that is destined to become the embryo proper

Blastocyst- the mammalian blastula

Neural crest cells- migrate and ultimately differentiate into a wide variety of adult structures. The migrations begin cranially and gradually extend caudally. They are determined by both intrinsic properties of the neural crest cells and the features of the external environment encountered by the migrating cells - extracellular matrices and substrates.

Gastrula- an early metazoan embryo in which the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are established either by invagination of the blastula (as in fish and amphibians) to form a multilayered cellular cup with a blastopore opening into the archenteron or (as in reptiles, birds, and mammals) by differentiation of the upper layer of the blastodisc into the ectoderm and the lower layer into the endoderm and by the inward migration of cells through the primitive streak to form the mesoderm

Gastrocoele- ? rib-shaped dermal bones located in the abdominal region

Archenteron- the cavity of the gastrula of an embryo forming a primitive gut—called also gastrocoel

Chorion- the highly vascular outer embryonic membrane that is associated with the allantois in the formation of the placenta

Somites- ?


Allantois- a vascular fetal membrane of reptiles, birds, or mammals that is formed as a pouch from the hindgut and that in placental mammals is intimately associated with the chorion in formation of the placenta

Yolk Sac- a membranous sac of most vertebrates that is attached to an embryo and encloses the yolk, that is continuous in most forms including humans through the omphalomesenteric duct with the intestinal cavity of the embryo, that is abundantly supplied with blood vessels which transport nutritive yolk products to the developing embryo, and that in placental mammals is nearly vestigial and functions chiefly prior to the formation of the placenta

Blastopore- the opening into the primitive gut formed at gastrulation

Amnion- a saclike membrance that holds the develipoing embryo in a compartment of water

Coelom- the fluid filled body cavity formed within the mesoderm
transverse septum-
cleidoic egg- enclosed in a relatively impervious shell which reduces free exchange with the environment

Diaphragm- a body partition of muscle and connective tissue ; specifically : the partition separating the chest and abdominal cavities in mammals

Organogenesis- the origin and development of bodily organs

Holoblastic cleavage – early mitotic planes pass entirely through the cleaving embryo

Discoidal cleavage – early mitotic divisions restricted to the animal pole

Meroblastic- characterized by or being incomplete cleavage as a result of the presence of an impeding mass of yolk material (as in the eggs of birds)

Microlecithal- pertaining to eggs that contain small quantities of stored yolk

Mesolecithal- ?

Macrolecithal- ?




Epidermis – the skin layer over the dermis that is derived from ectoderm
Example: outer layer of the skin, composed of stratified squamous epithelium

Dermis - inner mesodermic layer of the skin, vascular
Example:

Sebaceous glands- any of the small sacculated glands lodged in the substance of the derma, usually opening into the hair follicles, and secreting an oily or greasy material composed in great part of fat which softens and lubricates the hair and skin

Sweat glands- a simple tubular gland of the skin that secretes perspiration, in humans is widely distributed in nearly all parts of the skin, and consists typically of an epithelial tube extending spirally from a minute pore on the surface of the skin into the dermis or subcutaneous tissues where it ends in a convoluted tuft

mammary- a simple tubular gland of the skin that secretes perspiration, in humans is widely distributed in nearly all parts of the skin, and consists typically of an epithelial tube extending spirally from a minute pore on the surface of the skin into the dermis or subcutaneous tissues where it ends in a convoluted tuft

hair - a slender threadlike outgrowth of the epidermis of an anima

nails- are made of keratin

Melanocytes - an epidermal cell that produces melanin

keratin –
Example: hair and nails

squamous epithelium- scale-like cells

stratum basale feathers –

claws-

Chromatophores- a pigment-bearing cell
Example: higher levels darker skin, lower levels whiter skin

Photophores- light-emitting organ which appears as luminous spots on various marine animals, including fish and cephalopods
Example: Firefly Squid, Pachystomias

Ectotherm- a cold-blooded animal

Endotherm- a warm-blooded animal

Poikilotherm- an organism (as a frog) with a variable body temperature that is usually slightly higher than the temperature of its environment : a cold-blooded organism—called also heterotherm


Horns-

Epidermal scales – scales are tough, shed
Example: reptiles, and exposed skin in birds

Ctenoid scales- toothed outer edge, and are usually found on more bony fish
Example: spiny fin rays, bass and the angel fish

Placoid scales- are found on cartilaginous fish
Example: sharks

Cycloid scales-
Example: flatfishes (flounders, fluke, soles)

Mucus glands-

Axial Skeleton - the skeleton of the trunk and head
appendicular skeleton- consists of the girdles and the skeleton of the limb

Neurocranium- the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

Splanchnocranium- the portion of the skull that arises from the first three branchial arches and forms the supporting structure of the jaws

Dermatocranium- Bony parts of the skull derived from ossifications in the dermis of the skin

Hyaline cartilage- cartilage consisting of cells embedded in an apparently homogeneous matrix, present in joints and respiratory passages, and forming most of the fetal skeleton

Calcified cartilage- flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs. It is not as hard and rigid as bone but is stiffer and less flexible than muscle

Fibrocartilage- cartilage in which the matrix except immediately about the cells is largely composed of fibers like those of ordinary connective tissue

Diaphysis- the shaft of a long bone

Epiphyses- an end of a long bone
Metaphysic- the transitional zone at which the diaphysis and epiphysis of a bone come together

Endochondral bone -relating to, formed by, or being ossification that takes place from centers arising in cartilage and involves deposition of lime salts in the cartilage matrix followed by secondary absorption and replacement by true bony tissue

membrane bone- a bone that ossifies directly in connective tissue without previous existence as cartilage

heterotopic bone- the percentage of osteoblasts is typically double that of normal bone
Example: formation of bone where it is not normally found, as in muscle


Blastema- a mass of living substance capable of growth and differentiation

Mesenchyme- loosely organized undifferentiated mesodermal cells that give rise to such structures as connective tissues, blood, lymphatics, bone, and cartilage

Chondrocytes- a cartilage cell

Chondroblast - a cell that produces cartilage

Osteocytes- a cell that is characteristic of adult bone and is isolated in a lacuna of the bone substance

osteoblast - a bone-forming cell

osteoclasts- bone cleaning cell

Compact bone - tightly packed tissue/bone

Spongy bone - tissue that makes up the interior of bones

Acellular bone- metabolically active tissue.
Example: Bone tissue in the Actinopterygii

Fontanels- a membrane-covered opening in bone or between bones
Example: any of the spaces closed by membranous structures between the uncompleted angles of the parietal bones and the neighboring bones of a fetal or young skull




Cranial kinesis- ??movement between the upper jaw and braincase

Cranial akinesis - ?skulls cannot perform the. actions of the kinetic skull

Sesamoid cartilages ?

Joints -

Sutures - a stitch used by doctors and surgeons to hold tissue together

Diarthrosis- a freely movable joint
Example: synovial joint

Synanthrosis- an immovable articulation in which the bones are united by intervening fibrous connective tissues

Amphiarthrosis- a slightly movable articulation

Synovial cartilaginous- stringy fluid found in the cavities of synovial joints

Fibrous joints- The fibrous joints are further divided into three types
Example: Sutures are found between bones of the skull. In fetal skulls the sutures are wide to allow slight movement during birth. They later become rigid synarthrodial

Hyostylic - mandibular arch attaches through the hyomandibula.

Craniostylic- incorporated into cranium, jaws (reduced to dentary alone) suspended directly from squamosal bone