Biology Vocab

Test Review Chapters 43, 47, 48

Tissues – groups of cells that are similar in structure and function, originate from three embryonic tissues called germ layers.
Germ Layers –
1. Endoderm – digestive tract tissue
2. Mesoderm – blood vessels
3. Ectoderm - skin
4 types of Primary Tissue
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nerve

Vertebrate Body-
Dorsal Cavity – Within skull in lower back
Ventral Cavity – large than dorsal cavity, Start at the rib cage end at pelvis
Thoracic cavity – heart and lungs
Abdominopelvic – most organs, stomach, intestines, liver, kidneys and bladder

Peritineal Cavity – inner part of the adominopelvic (coelomic space)
Pericardial Cavity – Around the heart
Pleural Cavity – Around the lungs

Epithelial Tissue – covers every surface of the body, any forms of the three embryonic tissue, same tissue changes into glands, which are used from secretion, provides protects, gets rid of toxin in the digestive tissue, diffusion in the lungs, regenerates quickly, POLARITY,
Simple – single layer, one cell thick, lungs and blood capillaries
Stratified – multiple layers, skin
Keratin – water resistant protein, forms calluses
Lips – nonkeratin, stratified squamous epithelial
Squamous – Flat, very thin cells,
Cuboidal – cube shaped , line kidneys, ovaries and glands
Columnar – Column shaped, simple columnar contain goblet cells (secrete mucus,
Basal Surface – secured side of connective tissue
Apical Surface – Free side of (

Exocrine Glands – Exocrine glands are glands that secrete into ducts, then into epithelial, sweat and salivary glands
Endocrine Glands – ductless glands, no attachment to epithelial, secreted directly into the blood capillaries, hormones


Connective Tissue - Comes from MESODERM embryonic cells, cells are spaced far apart, cause of the extra cellular material called the matrix,
Matrix in bone makes it hard, the matrix is blood is plasma,

Ground Substance -Matrix consists of protein fibers and ground substance (the material between cells and fibers containing proteins and polysaccharides

Fibroblast – produce and secrete the matrix

Connective tissue proper – LOOSE OF DENSE
Loose connective tissue – cells that are scatted within the matrix that contains LARGE amounts of ground substances, contain collagen. elastin and reticulin, ADIPOSE cells (fat fells) are found in loose connective tissue
Adipose cells – can not divide, contains a drop of triglycerides within a storage vesicle

Dense connective tissue - less ground substance, tightly packaged collagen fibers, stronger than loose

Connective Tissue Proper
Dense Connective Tissue
1. Regular Dense Connective Tissue - run parallel (TENDONS,LIGAMENTS)
2. Irregular Dense Connective Tissue – collagen fibers line up differently (covers kidney, nerves, and bones)
Organ coverings – capsules
Muscle coverings – epimysium
Nerve covering – perineurium
Bone covering – periosteum

Special Connective tissue – BONE, CARTILAGE, BLOOD
Cartilage – special connective tissue, fibers are laid down in long parallel arrays, firm and flexible, mode up of glycoprotein, called CHONDROITIN, does not stretch, tip of nose, outer ear, disks of backbone, the larynx, well hydrated

Chondrocytes – the cells of cartilage, live within spaces called LACUNAE (ground substance), no blood vessels within the cartilage matrix
Special Connective tissue
Bone – first cartilage, cartilage matrix, chondrocytes are no longer to obtain oxygen and nutrients via diffusion, cells called osteocytes, alive cells, but hard with crystals of calcium phosphate, IS made up of multiple layers of LAMELLEA, laid down HAVERSIAN canals that run parallel to the length of the bone, HAVERSIAN cancels contain nerve fibers and blood vessels.

Osteocytes - blood vessels are in the bone to provide nutrients and removes waste via canals called canaliculi,

Osteoblasts – secrete collagen organic matrix, then calcium phosphate is deposited, cells then encased in spaces called lacunae, in the calcium rich matrix.

BLOOD – Special connective tissue!! Contains a lot of extra cellular material, plasma and platelets,
Erythrocytes – Hemoglobin (RED BLOOD CELLS)
Leukocytes – have nuclei, and mitochondria, NO HEMOGLOBIN (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

MUSCLE – contain ACTIN and MYOSIN filaments
Smooth – visceral muscle, found in walls of blood vessels, spindle shaped cells, mono-nucleated (single nucleus)

Skeletal – attached to bone and tendons, causes movement, made up of numerous MUSCLE FIBERS (multi nucleoli) , contractions by neurons, controlled by NERVOUS system,
MYOFIBRILS – contractions caused by myofibrils, which contain ordered actin and myosin filaments

Cardiac – striated muscles (heart), smaller interconnected cells, each with a single nucleus, interconnections appear as dark lines called INTERCALATED DISKS (single function unit)


Nerve Tissue - made up of neurons and neuroglia
3 parts of neurons
Cell Body- contains the nucleus
Dendrites – highly branched extensions that receive electrical impulses toward the cell body
Axon – single cytoplasmic extension, conducts impulses AWAY from the cell body, associated with Neuroglia
Neuroglia - support cells, DO NO conduct electrical impulses, support and insulate neurons, insulation called MYELIN SHEATH, gaps know as NODES OF RANVIER, eliminate foreign materials in and around the neurons.

NODES OF RANVIER – involved in acceleration of impulses

Nerve Tissue System
Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal Cord, involved in input of the senses
Peripheral Nervous System – Nerves and Ganglia (collection of cell bodies) communicated to the rest of the body, like the CNS, muscles cells and Endocrine Glands


Overview of Organ Systems –

Communication and Integration
Nervous System, Sensory and Endocrine Systems all detect external stimuli and coordinate the body’s response.

Support and Movement
Musculoskeletal system – controlled movements

Regulation and Maintenance
Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems

Defense
Integumentary and immune

Reproduction and Development
Reproductive System

Homeostasis

Body condition must remain relatively constant, essential for life, uses NEGATIVE FEEDBACK mechanisms, changes are detected by SENSORS, information is then feed to INTEGRATION CENTER, also called COMPARATOR (brain, spinal cord, and endocrine glands), body wants to always stay at the SET POINT

Effector – if a deviation is detected, message send to the EFFECTOR (muscle or gland), increases or decreases back to SET POINT,

ENDOTHERMIC – humans are endothermic, maintain a constant body temperature

HYPOTHALAMUS – changes in body detected by HYPOTHALAMUS in the brain, if hypothalamus detects a drop in body tempuerature, muscles shiver, if hypothalamus detects an increase of temperature, the body sweats

Antagonistic Effectors – **push- pull action** to maintain a finer degree of control, one EFFECTOR is increased or decreased, they accompany each other , responsible for control of body temperature,

Positive Feedback – do not maintain homeostasis, examples – blood clotting, contractions during childbirth